鲢鱼肉相变区间的热特性研究

为提供淡水鱼加工的热特性参数，以鲢鱼肉为对象，采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)，研究鲢鱼肉在相变区间的不可冻结含水率、冰点、表观比热和热焓，以及食盐添加量对相变区间鲢肉热特性的影响。结果表明，鲢鱼肉的熔融相变温区为-2.8～-0.4℃，不可冻结含水率为13.76%，冰点为-0.8℃，相变热焓为203.2 J/ g，表观比热峰值为84.186 J/(g·℃)。随着食盐含量的增加，鲢鱼肉的相变温区向低温方向偏移，不可冻结含水率增加，冰点呈线性降低，相变潜热减小，表观比热峰值下降。     

滇池流域农田土壤氮磷流失影响因素探析

对滇池流域沿湖15个乡镇农田地表径流N、P流失状况及其影响因素研究结果表明,该区农田地表径流N、P污染负荷很高,年均流失量差异较大,总N为5 .0 7～113.16kg/ hm2 ,总P为0 .15～10 .14kg/ hm2 。高强度施用化肥是造成农田径流N、P流失量大的主要原因,同时也与土地利用和水肥管理方式及种植制度有关;不同坡度农田径流N、P输出量不同,6°～12°坡度N、P流失急剧增大,12°坡度以后流失量增加减缓;1次降雨或作物生长周期内径流N、P流失速率均表现出随时间参数递减的趋势;不同施肥处理N、P流失量存在一定差异,其中尿素与普钙配施可减少N、P流失,并获得较高白菜产量     

A comparison of different ranking schemes for assessing the effect of large point sources of pollution in the UK

The availability of national maps of critical loads for soils, vegetation and freshwaters helpsenable the assessment of the effects of large point sources of pollution in the UK. The deposition footprint of most major sources has been modelled and combined in a GIS with a national critical loads database. As part of an integrated pollution control strategy (IPC) it may be helpful to rank point sources in order of their effects on the environment. A comparison of the discriminating power and effectiveness of several ranking schemes has been carried out. A variety of ranking schemes were investigated, such as; total area where sulphur deposition exceeds the critical load or average mass deposited on areas where the critical load is exceeded. Their relative merits were compared for several current and future scenarios, such as, actual 1993 emissions or predicted emissions for 2001. Rankings for the unit emissions provided a measure of the pollution potential of each source and were a complex function of the location of sensitive areas and meteorological conditions. Rankings under other scenarios tended to be dominated by the relative magnitude of the emissions. Comparison between the ranking schemes was made using non-parametric statistics. The comparisons reveal complex interactions between different schemes. The approach is providing practical solutions to a pollution control strategy based on maximising environmental benefits.     

土壤中水合氧化物型表面的化学区分——Ⅱ.电荷零点

本文研究了氧化物对红壤、高岭土和合成无定形铝硅酸盐的电荷零点的影响,并讨论了土壤中水合氧化物型表面的区分。结果表明,水合氧化物型表面可进一步区分为电荷性质完全不同的两类亚表面。在所研究的土壤和粘土样本中,有高ZPC的氧化铁(Fe-OH)和氧化铝(Al-OH)表面,是带可变正电荷的亚表面,使样本的ZPC趋于上升;而有低ZPC的氧化硅(Si-OH)表面,是带可变负电荷的亚表面,使样本的ZPC趋于下降。合成无定形铝硅酸盐的电荷零点与样本的Al₂O₃/Si₂,摩尔比呈显著的正相关。     

华北农业高产粮区地下水面源污染特征及环境影响研究——以山东省桓台县为例

研究发现华北典型高产粮区桓台县区域农业硝酸盐面源污染具有非均衡的空间分异特征,即硝酸盐定向迁移导致硝酸盐净输出源区和净输入汇集区,源区硝酸盐污染相对稳定,而汇集区硝酸盐污染趋于恶化,不同程度污染面积占5 6 .5 7% ,其中>10mg/ L污染区域面积占2 0 .5 % ;污染较重的汇集区4年间地下水NO-3 N浓度升高2 7.2mg/ L ,而源区则相对稳定在5 .5～7.2mg/ L ,面源污染空间分布与潜水位等值线的一致性表明地下水流向在农业面源污染空间分异过程中具主导作用。浅层地下水硝酸盐污染已导致5 .8%的饮水源轻度污染和0 .2 %中度污染,有2 5个村3.8万人处于健康危害风险之中。农田硝酸盐沥滤缓慢和随潜水迁移表明,农田耕作管理与浅层地下水硝酸盐含量之间缺乏必然相关性     

具有TMPPT功能的数字式光伏水泵系统的设计

设计了一种基于16位微处理器结构的简单全数字式光伏水泵系统。系统采用频率微分逼近法实现了太阳电池的真正最大功率跟踪(TMPPT)功能，运行结果证明系统运行稳定可靠，效率高于传统恒压跟踪(CVT)方式；系统具有完善的保护功能，可以实现无人值守工作。     

利用照片重建技术生成坡面侵蚀沟三维模型

该文利用运动恢复结构(structure from motion,SFM)、多视图立体视觉(multi-view stereo,MVS)技术,提出了一种坡面侵蚀沟三维模型的快速重建方法。首先对普通相机拍摄的照片采用尺度不变特征变换(scale-invariant feature transform,SIFT)完成特征点的提取与描述,随机采样一致性算法(random sample and consensus,RANSAC)过滤掉最近邻匹配(nearest neighbor,NN)产生的误匹配点;然后通过SFM方法,迭代求解出相机矩阵和三维点坐标,用光束法平差(bundle adjustment,BA)进行非线性优化,确保误差的均匀分布和模型的精确;再使用基于面片的多视图立体视觉算法(patch-based multi-view stereo,PMVS),在局部光度一致性和全局可见性约束下,以SFM生成的稀疏点云为种子面片开始扩散,完成点云稠密重建。将照片快速重建方法获取的点云与地面激光扫描仪(terrestrial laser scanner,TLS)获取的点云及实测数据进行比较,结果表明,照片重建方法生成的点云稠密且能够完整展示侵蚀沟的发育形态,与TLS点云间的平均距离为0.0034 m,照片重建与三维激光扫描方法对侵蚀量的估算相对误差为8.054%,提取的特征线匹配率达89.592%。研究结果为侵蚀沟监测提供了参考依据。     

土壤点源入渗自动测量系统监测滴头下土壤湿润过程

土壤水运动过程是滴灌系统设计和运行管理的重要内容。该研究采用点源土壤入渗自动测量系统,利用计算机可控数码相机和图像识别技术测量滴灌地表湿润面积和土壤湿润体随时间的变化过程。采用正三棱形有机玻璃土箱,设计一系列点源滴灌室内试验,获得点源滴灌入渗过程随时间的变化过程。试验采用3个流量:2、4及8 L/h处理,每个处理设置了3个重复。用数码相机每4 min拍摄一次地表湿润面积,用于计算地表湿润面积随时间的变化过程。同时,在1、2、3、4、6、8、10、12、20、30、40、50、60、70、80、90、100、120、140、160、180 min时刻,在贴在土箱侧面的透明胶片上,手工记录地表湿润面积和垂直湿润锋面随时间的变化过程。由测量系统根据记录的地表湿润面积随时间的变化过程自动计算得到土壤的入渗过程。通过入渗过程,计算得到滴头下地表土壤的湿润面积,由计算得到的土壤入渗率和计算得到土壤的湿润剖面,将计算结果与实测结果对比,检验测量的精度。结果表明,手工测量得到的地表湿润面积都略大于由土壤入渗自动测量系统计算得到的入渗率计算的地表湿润面积。由计算得到的入渗率预测的土壤入渗深度,略大于实测土壤入渗深度。计算得到前者的相对误差为2%~15%,后者的相对误差为1%~8%。说明土壤入渗自动测量系统,能够准确描述点源滴灌地表湿润过程及土壤入渗过程,并能预测不同流量下垂直入渗深度,测量方法可以为滴灌系统的设计提供相关参数。     

土壤中重金属离子竞争吸附的研究进展

本文主要对土壤中重金属离子竞争吸附的研究现状进行了综述。讨论了影响重金属离子竞争吸附能力的一些主要因子、吸附平衡模型及吸附反应的动力学过程。重金属离子的一级水解常数、离子半径、电负性等性质及其外界环境条件,如pH值、离子强度、有机质含量等因素影响着离子选择性吸附的强弱。竞争的Langmuir方程和扩展的Freundlich方程被用来对竞争吸附过程进行描述,同时指出竞争吸附过程中存在着一个"过饱和点"。最后,对竞争吸附的发展方向进行了展望,指出应加强理论模型和多因子综合作用影响的研究。     

Response of benthic cave invertebrates to organic pollution events

• 1. Even though the fragility and vulnerability of subterranean ecosystems (caves, groundwater and hyporheic habitats) is widely acknowledged, the impacts of human disturbances have been poorly quantified when compared with surface waters. In particular, limited data exist regarding the impact of organic pollution upon aquatic cave invertebrate communities.
• 2. The Peak–Speedwell Cavern system (Derbyshire, UK) was affected by two organic pollution events, during a 7‐year study (1997–2003), originating from the same source in the surface catchment but resulting in markedly different ecological responses. The first event led to the elimination of most taxa from affected sites while the second resulted in an increase in abundance of organisms within the cave associated with the increased availability of trophic resources. The second event also coincided with the invasion of the stygophilic amphipod, Gammarus pulex, at a site where it had not previously been recorded.
• 3. Recovery of the invertebrate community following both organic pollution events occurred within 12 months. Recolonization of the affected sites was facilitated by annual flooding of the cave and by the presence of refugia on unaffected subterranean tributaries.
• 4. The data highlight the problems associated with the conservation and management of subterranean ecosystems where impacts in distant surface catchments may have unseen repercussions for the subterranean environment. Aquatic subterranean habitats are not widely monitored and the impacts of pollution/disturbance may not be detected in surface waters for some time, if at all, owing to dilution effects. Caves supporting obligate subterranean organisms (stygobites) are particularly vulnerable to these pressures and require clear management strategies to protect both the subterranean and surface catchments which support them.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.